SECTION B
a(i)What is competition?
(ii)List two types of competition.
(iii)List four factors that organisms compete for in a habitat.
(iv)Explain briefly the relationship between competition and succession.
b(i)What is structural adaptation?
(ii)State four types of structural adaptations in animals.
(c)List four features of variation in humans that are used in crime detection.
(d)Complete the table below by listing three types of adaptive colouration in animals and give one example each of animals that show the colourations.
| Three types of adaptive colouration in animals | One example of animal that show the type of colouration |
(e) Give three examples of plants found in a tropical Rainforest.
Explanation
a(i) Competition is an interaction between organisms or species in which both require one or more resources that are in limited supply (such as food, water , space or territory).
(ii)two types of competition:
- intra-specific competition
- inter-specific competition
(iii) factors that organisms compete for in a habitat.
- Space
- food
- sunlight
- nutrient
- water
- mate
- inorganic substances
(iv)Relationship between Competition and Succession
Competition is a key driving force behind ecological succession, as the struggle for limited resources between different species leads to the replacement of less competitive species with more competitive ones, causing the community composition to change over time and progress through different stages of succession until a climax community is reached. For changes to occur in a community, there must be competition between the old population and the new one.
b(i)Structural adaptation
Structural adaptation refers to a physical characteristic of an organism that has evolved to help it survive in its environment, meaning it's a change in the organism's outward appearance or body structure that provides an advantage for its survival; examples include a giraffe's long neck for reaching high leaves, a duck's webbed feet for swimming, or a polar bear's thick fur for insulation in cold climates.
(ii) Types of structural adaptations in animals
- adaptation for offence and defence
- adaptation for securing mate/partner
- adaptation for feeding
- adaptation for water conservation
- adaptation for temperature control
(c) Features of variation in humans that are used in crime detection.
- DNA,
- Fingerprints,
- Blood groups
- Eye colour
- Facial expression
- Skin colour
- Peculiar body features and
- skeletal traits are used in crime detection.
(d)
| Three types of adaptive colouration in animals | One example of animal that show the type of colouration |
| Counter-shading/disruptive colouration | Fishes in water |
| Camouflage | Chameleon |
| Alluring Colouration | Carnivorous spider |
| Protective/cryptic colouration | Lizard, lady bird, green snakes in green grasses. |
| Mimicry | Grasshopper, Moth |
(e) Examples of plants found in a tropical Rainforest.
- Rubber tree
- Cacao tree
- Heliconia
- Passion flower
- Amazon water lily
- Orchids
- Mahogany
- Obeche
- Oil Palm tree