SECTION B
Answer all the questions in this section
Study specimens L, M, P, and Q and answer questions 3(a) to 3(d).
(a) Name the region of the human body where each of specimens L and Q are located.
L:
Q:
b(i) State four observable differences between specimens L and Q.
| L | Q |
(ii) State four observable similarities between specimens L and Q.
c(i) Name two bones each that articulate with specimens M and P.
(ii) Name one vertebra each that is located and after each of specimens L and Q in the vertebral column.
Before After
L: …………………………… ………………………………
Q: ………………………….. ……………………………….
(d) Complete the table below by using tick (✔) to indicate presence and cross (X) to indicate absence of the following features in each of specimens L, M, P and Q.
| Specimen | Features | |||
| Neural canal | Rounded head | Neural spine | Long shaft | |
| L | ||||
| M | X | |||
| P | ||||
| Q | ✔ | |||
Explanation
Specimen L - Thoracic vertebra
Specimen M - Humerus bone
Specimen P - Femur bone
Specimen Q - Lumbar Vertebra
(a) Region of the human body where each of specimens L and Q are located.
L: chest or thorax region
Q: abdominal region or between thoracic and sacral vertebrae
b(i)Four observable differences between specimens L and Q.
| L(Thoracic vertebra) | Q(Lumbar vertebra) |
| presence of small centrum | presence of large centrum |
| Neural spine is long | Neural spine is short |
| Transverse process is long | Transverse process is short |
| Absence of anapophysis | Anapophysis is present |
| Demifacets are present | Demifacets are absent |
(ii) Observable similarities between specimens L and Q.
- Both thoracic and lumbar vertebrae have facet joints that articulate with adjacent vertebrae.
- Both thoracic and lumbar vertebrae have a body.
- Both thoracic and lumbar vertebrae have a spinous process that extends backward.
- Both thoracic and lumbar vertebrae have transverse processes that extend laterally.
- Both of them possess neural arch.
c(i) Bones each that articulate with specimens M(humerus bone) and P(femur bone)
M: scapula, ulna, cervical
P: pelvic girdle, tibia
(ii) One vertebra each that is located and after each of specimens L and Q in the vertebral column.
Before After
L: ...cervical vertebra.. ...Lumbar vertebra...
Q: ....thoracic vertebra.. ....sacral vertebra....
(d)
| Specimen | Features | |||
| Neural canal | Rounded head | Neural spine | Long shaft | |
| L(thoracic) | ✔ | X | ✔ | |
| M(humerus bone) | X | ✔ | X |
✔ |
| P(femur bone) | ✔ | X |
✔ |
|
| Q(Lumbar vertebra) | ✔ | X | ✔ | |