(a) Define each of the following terms: I. biotechnology; II. biogas.
(ii) State two applications of biotechnology
(b) (i) Describe briefly the production of ethanol from sugar cane juice.
(ii) State the by-product of the process in (b)(i)
(iii) Mention two uses of the by-product.
(iv) Ethanol can be produced from both cane sugar and petroleum. Explain briefly why the ethanol from cane sugar is renewable but that from petroleum is non-renewable.
(c) Distinguish between heavy chemicals and fine chemicals. Give one example of each chemical.
(d) Arrange the following gases in increasing order of deviation from ideal gas behaviour: HCl; O\(_2\); Cl\(_2\). Give reason(s) for your answer.
Explanation
(a)(i) I Biotechnology is the use of biological processes / living organisms to make products for human use.
II. Biogas is a fuel obtained from organic waste through the process of anaerobic decomposition
(ii) Production of drugs (medical), fertilizer, waste management, production of kenkey, fufu, gars, burukutu / any food or beverage produced from fermentation (domestic), industrial application, etc
(b)(i) — Add yeast to cane sugar and leave to stand (at room temperature)
— Enzyme sucrose hydrolyse / converts
— Enzyme zymase ferments / converts glucose to ethanol and CO\(_2\)
— Mixture is distilled to obtain ethanol.
ii) Carbon IV oxide
(iii) — In aerated drinks
— as fire extinguisher
— coolant / refrigerant
— solvay process
— synthesis of Na\(_2\)CO\(_3\)
iv) Ethanol from cane sugar is renewable because It is from plants which can be cultivated continuously Ethanol from petroleum is non-renewable because it is from a sou;-c,o, which can get exhausted. Heavy chemicals are chemicals used extensively in industries and are produced in very large quantities. Fine chemicals are chemicals produced in small quantities for specific purposes and to a very higil degree of purity. Heavy chemicals — H\(_2\)SO\(_4\), NaOH, NH\(_3\), CaCO\(_3\), HNO\(_3\), HCI, NaCO\(_3\) bleaching powder, metals (iron, tin, aluminium, Copper, Zinc).
Fine chemicals — laboratory / analytical reagents, drugs, dyes, perfumes, photographic reagents, additives, cosmetics.
d) O\(_2\), C\(_{12}\)HCI increasing order to deviation The extent of deviation depends on intermolecular forces. HCI is a polar and will have a greater intermolecular attraction than Oxygen and Chlorine. The molar mass of chlorine is greater than that of oxygen hence stronger van der waals forces than oxygen