(a) Arrange the three states of matter in order of decreasing:
(i) kinetic energy;
(ii) force of cohesion.
(b) Consider the redox reaction equation:
(i) State the change in oxidation number of:
I. magnesium;
II. hydrogen.
(ii) Which of the species is being:
I. oxidized;
II. reduced?
(iii) Identify the oxidizing agent.
(c) (i) State two differences between boiling and evaporation.
(ii) What will be the effect of reduction of atmospheric pressure on the boiling point of water?
(d) For a given chemical equilibrium system, what is the significance of the equilibrium constant K?
(e) Consider the following organic compounds:
C\(_3\)H\(_7\)COOH; (CH\(_3\))\(_3\)COH.
Give the IUPAC name of each compound.
(f) Why are organic compounds classified on the basis of functional groups?
(g) State three differences between the solubility of solids in liquids and gases in liquids.
(h) Write a balanced chemical equation for the reaction between fluorine and water.
(i) Define the term basicity of an acid.
Explanation
(a)
(i) gas > liquid > solid / gas, liquid, solid
(ii) solid > liquid > gas / solid, liquid, gas
(c) (i)
(I) 0 to +2
(II) +1 to 0
(ii)(I) Magnesium / Mg
(II) Hydrogen / H\(^+\) / HCl
(iii) Hydrochloric acid / HCl
(d) (i)
| Evaporation |
Boiling |
|
- occurs on the surface of |
- occurs at the entire length of |
|
- occurs slowly |
- occurs rapidly |
|
- occurs at any temperature |
- occurs at specific temperature |
|
- produces cooling |
- does not produce cooling |
|
- occurs using internal energy/is |
- requires an external source of |
|
- bubbles are not seen |
- bubbles are seen |
(ii) The temperature required to boil the water decreases / boils at temperature lower than 1000 C
(e) The equilibrium constant k, indicates the extent to which a reaction will proceed / it gives an idea of where the equilibrium lies / when k is large, more of the products are formed / when k is small, less of the products are formed.
(f) C\(_3\)H\(_7\)COOH: butanoic acid
(CH\(_3\))3COH: 2 – methyl propan-2-ol
(g) Functional groups are atoms or groups of atoms that are responsible for particular chemical properties and reactions of organic compounds.
(h)
| Solids in liquids |
Gases in liquid |
|
- solubility increases with |
- solubility decreases as |
|
- it is not affected by change in |
- is greatly affected by pressure, |
|
- increasing and decreasing of pH |
- pH does not affect them |
|
- depends on the nature of solute |
- depends on nature of gas and |
(i) 2F\(_{2 (g)}\) + 2H\(_2\)O\(_{(l)}\) → 4HF\(_{ (aq)}\) + O\(_{2 (g)}\)
(j) is the number of replaceable hydrogen ions in a molecule of an acid / number of ionisable hydrogen atoms in one molecule of acid.