(a) (i) Name three different methods for preparing salts.
(ii) Give one example of a balanced equation for each of the methods named in (a)(i).
(iii) State two uses of sodium trioxocarbonate (IV).
(b) If you were given some impure copper, describe how you would
obtain a specimen of the pure metal by electrolysis.
(c) Given that sodium chloride has a solubility of 36.3 at 30 and 39.0 at
100 and that of silver nitrate is 297.0 at 30 and 952.0 at 100.
(i) Calculate the percentage of each substance in the saturated solution at 100 that is deposited on cooling to 30
(ii) Deduce which of the two salts can be purified more efficiently by crystallization.
Explanation
(a) (i) - action of an acid upon an active metal / metals higher than hydrogen in the reactivity series
- preparation by double decomposition (reaction between two soluble compounds to produce an insoluble compound)
- by neutralization (reaction between acids & bases)
- action of an acid on trioxocarbonate (IV) of a metal
- direct combination of elements
- action of dilute acid on an insoluble base
Examples:
(ii) - Addition of granulated zinc to a dilute solution of tetraoxosulphate (VI) acid.
Zn(s) + H\(_2\)SO\(_{4(aq)}\) → ZnSO\(_{4(aq)}\) + H\(_{2(g)}\)
- Pb(NO\(_3\))\(_{2(aq)}\) + H\(_2\)SO\(_{4(aq)}\) → PbSO\(_{4(s)}\) + 2HNO\(_{3(aq)}\)
OR
Pb(NO\(_3\))\(_{2(aq)}\) + Na\(_{2}\)SO\(_{4(aq)}\) → PbSO\(_{4(s)}\) + 2NaNO\(_{3(aq)}\)
2NaOH\(_{(aq)}\) + H\(_{2}\)SO\(_{4(aq)}\) → Na\(_2\)SO\(_{4(aq)}\) + 2H\(_2\)O\(_{(l)}\)
ZnCO\(_{3(s)}\) + H\(_2\)SO\(_{4(aq)}\) → ZnSO\(_{4(aq)}\) + H\(_2\)O\(_{(l)}\) + CO\(_{2(g)}\)
- CaCO\(_{3(s)}\) + 2HCl\(_{(aq)}\) → CaCl\(_{2(aq)}\) + H2O\(_{(l)}\) + CO\(_{2(g)}\)
- 2Fe + 3Cl\(_2\) → 2FeCl\(_3\)
Fe + S → FeS
- 2HNO\(_3\) + CuO → Cu(NO\(_3\))\(_2\) + H\(_2\)O
(iii) Uses of Na\(_2\)CO\(_3\)
- used as a water softner
- manufacture of glass/paper/rayon/soaps/detergents/NaOH/Borax
- food processing aid
- pH modifier
- swimming pool chemical
- electrolyte
- analytical reagent / standardization of acids
(b) Use pure copper as the cathode and impure copper as anode and then use a named soluble copper salt e.g. CuSO\(_4\) solution as the electrolyte impure copper dissolves /CuCu\(^{2+}\) + 2e\(^-\) and will be deposited at cathode / Cu\(^{2+}\) + 2e\(^-\) Cu Wash the cathode to obtain pure copper.
(c) (i) Mass of NaCl deposited = 39.0 – 36.3 g = 2.7 g
% NaCl deposited = 2.7 x \(\frac{100}{39.0}\) = 6.92 % or 7.0%
Mass of AgNO\(_3\) deposited = 952.0 – 297.0 = 655 g
% AgNO\(_3\) = \(\frac{655}{952}\) x 100 = 68.8 % Or 69%
(ii) AgNO\(_3\) (Silver trioxonitrate (V)) will be more efficiently crystallized because it has a higher percentage deposited.