.(a)(i) Name two gases that can be used to perform the fountain experiment. (ii) What is the aim of he fountain experiment? (iii) Describe briefly the fountain experiment.
(b)(i) Name two chemical industries. (ii) State three effects of a chemical industry on the community in which it is sited.
(c)(i) Name three products of the destructive distillation of coal. (ii) Give one use each of any two of the products named in 5(c)(1).
(d)(i) Name two substances responsible for hardness in water. (ii) State two methods for the removal of hardness in water. (iii) State two advantages of hard water.
Explanation
(a)(i) ammonia: - hydrogen chloride: - sulphur (iv) Oxide (ii) To demonstrate high/extreme solubility of gases HCl / NH\(_3\) / SO\(_2\) in water.
(iii) A flask. fitted with a glass jet is filled with dry ammonia or any soluble gas. Inject water through the inlet into the flask. this dissolves the ammonia soluble gas and causes a fountain through the jet.
OR
-a round bottomed flask is filled with gas and fitted with two delivery tubes and closed by use of clips A and B; - Invert the flask into a beaker of water: - open a clip A to allow small volume of water to enter the flask. then close it - the gas dissolves in water causing sudden reduction of pressure in the flask: open clip B: reduced gas pressure causes water from the beaker through delivery tube into the flask forming fountain.
(b) (i)-Textiles: Tannery: - Brewery Bottling company: Soaps and detergents: - food industry: pharmaceuticals: - cosmetics: petrochemical Industry: - petroleum industry; dyes: paints; agrochemicals: fertilizers; - pesticides; plastic
(ii) Improvement in the standard of living of people: - employment opportunities: - development in the community: pollution (air. land. water. etc.)
(c) (i) - coke; - coal tar; - coal gas: ammoniacal liquor
(ii) Coke (solid) fuel production of water gas extraction of metals. Coal tar; synthesis of chemicals.perfumes dyes/paints / drugs / plastics explosives / tanning of roads. Coal gas; as fuel (in homes and industries). Ammoniacal liquor;- production of fertilizer
(d)i) calcium hydrogen trioxocarbonate (IV): -calcium tetraoxosulphate (Vi): - magnesium tetraoxosulphate (Vi)
- magnesium hydrogen trioxocarbonate (IV); - iron (III) chloride.
(ii)heating the water to boiling / distillation: addition of calculated amount of calcium hydroxide: - addition of washing soda crystals: - ion exchange resin permutit
(iii)- calcium ions in the water are good for method children's teeth and bones: it helps to reduce heart diseases; does not dissolve lead pipes: - tastes better than soft water:- provides calcium salts used in manufacturing of food in plants: production of exoskeleton of animals / shells Tannery: