ANWSER
Question 1:
Answer:
Diplomacy is the practice of managing international relations through negotiation, dialogue, and representation to achieve peaceful cooperation and resolve conflicts.
Major Four Functions of Diplomacy:
1. Representation: Acting as the official representative of a state in another country, promoting its interests and values.
2. Negotiation: Engaging in discussions to reach agreements on treaties, trade, security, or disputes.
3. Information Gathering: Collecting and analyzing political, economic, and social data to inform policy decisions.
4. Protection of Citizens: Safeguarding the rights and welfare of nationals abroad.
Types of Diplomacy:
1. Bilateral Diplomacy: Direct interactions between two states (e.g., trade agreements).
2. Multilateral Diplomacy: Involvement in international organizations (e.g., UN negotiations).
3. Public Diplomacy: Engaging foreign publics through cultural exchanges and media to build goodwill.
4. Summit Diplomacy: High-level meetings between heads of state to address critical issues.
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Question 2:
Answer:
– Foreign Policy: A state’s strategy to achieve national interests in international affairs. It guides actions toward other nations.
– International Relations (IR): The academic field studying interactions between states, non-state actors, and global systems.
– International Politics: Focuses on power dynamics, conflicts, and cooperation in the global arena.
– Diplomacy: The tool used to implement foreign policy through negotiation and representation.
Relationship:
Foreign policy shapes a state’s goals, which diplomacy operationalizes. International Relations provides the theoretical framework to analyze these interactions, while International Politics examines the practical power struggles. Diplomacy acts as the bridge between policy formulation (foreign policy) and real-world execution (international politics).
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Question 3:
Answer:
Appointment:
1. Selection: The sending state nominates an ambassador.
2. Agrément: The receiving state must approve the nominee.
3. Credentials: The ambassador receives a *Letter of Credence* from their head of state.
Reception:
1. Presentation of Credentials: The ambassador submits the letter to the host state’s head of state or official.
2. Formal Ceremony: Marks the diplomat’s official recognition.
Termination:
1. Recall: The sending state withdraws the diplomat.
2. Expulsion: The host state declares the diplomat *persona non grata*.
3. Mutual Agreement: Both states agree to end the mission (e.g., war or severed relations).
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Question 4:
Answer:
Roles in Commonwealth Nations:
– Use High Commissions instead of embassies, reflecting shared Commonwealth ties.
– Facilitate collaboration through Commonwealth institutions (e.g., Commonwealth Secretariat).
Roles in Non-Commonwealth Nations:
– Embassies represent the state, negotiate treaties, and promote trade.
– Provide consular services (visas, citizen protection).
– Cultural diplomacy to enhance bilateral ties.
Shared Roles:
– Political reporting, crisis management, and fostering economic partnerships.
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Question 5:
Answer:
i. Papal Nuncios: The Vatican’s ambassadors to states, holding diplomatic status and facilitating Church-state relations.
ii. Espionage: Covert intelligence gathering, often violating international law.
iii. Persona non grata: A diplomat declared unwelcome by the host state, leading to expulsion.
iv. Veto: A power to unilaterally block decisions (e.g., UN Security Council).
v. Realpolitik: Politics based on practical power considerations, not ideals.
viii. Agrément: Host state’s approval of a proposed ambassador.
x. Right of Legation: A state’s right to send and receive diplomatic missions.
xi. Letter of Credence: Document accrediting an ambassador to the host state.
xii. Charges d’Affaires: A diplomat acting as head of mission in the ambassador’s absence.
vii. Persona grata: A diplomat formally accepted by the host state.