ANWSER
—
Question 1:
a. Relationship between anxiolytics, sedatives, and hypnotics:
– Anxiolytics are drugs that reduce anxiety without significantly impairing mental or physical function (e.g., Benzodiazepines like Diazepam).
– Sedatives calm and relax the body, often reducing excitement (e.g., Barbiturates like Phenobarbital).
– Hypnotics induce sleep (e.g., Zolpidem).
– These drugs share overlapping effects: anxiolytics at low doses may act as sedatives, and at higher doses, they can become hypnotics.
b. Body organ functionality relative to age and manifestations:
– Infancy (0-2 years): Rapid brain development; manifestations include high neuroplasticity and vulnerability to toxins.
– Adulthood (20-60 years): Peak organ function (e.g., liver metabolism); stable physiological responses.
– Old age (60+ years): Decline in organ function (e.g., reduced renal clearance); manifestations include slower drug metabolism and increased side effects.
—
Question 2:
a. Classes of antidepressants with examples:
– SSRIs (Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors): Fluoxetine.
– TCAs (Tricyclic Antidepressants): Amitriptyline.
– MAOIs (Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors): Phenelzine.
b. Mechanisms of action and side effects:
– SSRIs: Block serotonin reuptake; side effect: sexual dysfunction.
– TCAs: Inhibit serotonin/norepinephrine reuptake; side effect: dry mouth.
– MAOIs: Inhibit monoamine oxidase; side effect: hypertensive crisis with tyramine-rich foods.
—
Question 3:
a. Pathway of opioid analgesics (simplified diagram description):
– Opioids bind to mu/delta/kappa receptors in the CNS → Inhibit neurotransmitter release (e.g., GABA) → Disinhibition of dopamine pathways → Analgesia and euphoria.
b. Classes of NSAIDs with examples:
– Non-selective COX inhibitors: Ibuprofen.
– COX-2 selective inhibitors: Celecoxib.
– Salicylates: Aspirin.
—
Question 4:
a. Neurons and support cells:
– Neurons: Excitable cells transmitting signals via synapses.
– Support cells (Glia):
– Astrocytes (nutrient support, BBB maintenance).
– Oligodendrocytes (myelination in CNS).
– Microglia (immune defense).
b. Growth factor peptides:
– Nerve Growth Factor (NGF).
– Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF).
– Epidermal Growth Factor (EGF).
– Insulin-like Growth Factor (IGF).
c. Organs not covered by BBB:
– Pituitary gland.
– Pineal gland.
– Area postrema (vomiting center).
d. Major nerve types and functions:
– Sensory nerves: Transmit signals from receptors to CNS (e.g., pain, touch).
– Motor nerves: Carry commands from CNS to muscles/glands.
– Mixed nerves: Combine sensory and motor functions (e.g., spinal nerves).