ANWSER
Question 1a:
Formulate a broiler starter diet of 23% CP using the Pearson square method with the given feedstuffs:
– Maize (CP-8.9%)
– Protein Mix (PM) (Soyabean Meal: 44%, Groundnut Cake: 44%, Fish Meal: 72% in ratio 5:4:1)
– Minerals/Premixes (5% of the feed).
Solution:
1. Calculate the CP of Protein Mix (PM):
– Soyabean Meal: 5 parts × 44% = 220
– Groundnut Cake: 4 parts × 44% = 176
– Fish Meal: 1 part × 72% = 72
– Total parts = 5 + 4 + 1 = 10
– CP of PM = (220 + 176 + 72) / 10 = 468 / 10 = 46.8%
2. Pearson Square Method:
– Target CP: 23%
– Maize CP: 8.9%
– PM CP: 46.8%
– Minerals/Premixes: 0% CP (assumed, as they are non-protein).
Since minerals/premixes constitute 5%, the remaining 95% is maize and PM.
– Parts of PM = 23 – 8.9 = 14.1
– Parts of Maize = 46.8 – 23 = 23.8
– Total parts = 14.1 + 23.8 = 37.9
– % Maize = (23.8 / 37.9) × 95% = 59.63%
– % PM = (14.1 / 37.9) × 95% = 35.37%
– % Minerals/Premixes = 5%
Final Composition (per 100kg):
– Maize: 59.63kg
– PM: 35.37kg
– Minerals/Premixes: 5kg
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Question 1b:
Calculate the total feed required for 5000 broilers (1.5kg/bird) and the contribution of each feedstuff in kg.
Solution:
– Total feed = 5000 × 1.5kg = 7500kg = 7.5 tonnes
– Maize: 59.63% × 7500kg = 4472.25kg
– PM: 35.37% × 7500kg = 2652.75kg
– Minerals/Premixes: 5% × 7500kg = 375kg
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Question 1c:
i. Prepare Protein Mix and Minerals/Premixes Concentrate:
– Protein Mix (PM):
– Soyabean Meal: (5/10) × 35.37kg = 17.685kg
– Groundnut Cake: (4/10) × 35.37kg = 14.148kg
– Fish Meal: (1/10) × 35.37kg = 3.537kg
ii. Instructions for Users:
– For 100kg Feed:
– Maize: 59.63kg
– PM: 35.37kg (Soyabean Meal: 17.685kg, GNC: 14.148kg, Fish Meal: 3.537kg)
– Minerals/Premixes: 5kg
– For 1 Tonne (1000kg) Feed:
– Maize: 596.3kg
– PM: 353.7kg (Soyabean Meal: 176.85kg, GNC: 141.48kg, Fish Meal: 35.37kg)
– Minerals/Premixes: 50kg
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Question 1d:
i. Choice: Crumbles
ii. Advantages over Mash:
– Better feed intake and digestibility for young broilers.
– Reduced feed wastage.
– Improved uniformity in bird growth.
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Question 2:
Fermented Forage Essay:
Fermented forage is produced through anaerobic fermentation of high-moisture feedstuffs, such as silage. It preserves nutrients, enhances palatability, and reduces anti-nutritional factors. Benefits include improved digestibility, extended shelf-life, and reduced feed costs. Challenges include risk of spoilage if improperly fermented and need for proper storage.
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Question 3a:
Particle Size Reduction Necessity:
– Enhances digestibility by increasing surface area for enzyme action.
– Improves mixing uniformity.
– Reduces selective feeding.
Question 3b:
Mathematical Relationship:
Efficiency Index (EI) = (FT + MT + ET + DT) / (Total Production Time)
Question 3c:
Calculate EI:
– Total cycle time = FT (10min) + MT (20min) + ET (15min) + DT (10min) = 55min
– EI = (60min/hr × 3tonnes) / (55min × 2.6tonnes/hr) ≈ 1.26
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Question 4:
Digestibility Calculation:
– CP Digestibility:
– Feed CP = 3.4% × 6.25 = 21.25%
– Faeces CP = 2.7% × 6.25 = 16.875%
– Digestibility = [(1200g × 21.25%) – (300g × 16.875%)] / (1200g × 21.25%) ≈ 80.2%
– EE Digestibility:
– [(1200 × 4.5%) – (300 × 2.5%)] / (1200 × 4.5%) ≈ 86.1%
– CF Digestibility:
– [(1200 × 5.5%) – (300 × 7.8%)] / (1200 × 5.5%) ≈ 64.5%
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Question 5a:
Adulterants:
– Maize: Sand, husks
– Groundnut Cake: Urea, sand
– Soyabean Meal: Non-protein nitrogen
– Fish Meal: Salt, feathers
Question 5b:
Agents of Feed Deterioration:
– Moisture, fungi, bacteria, insects, rodents.
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Question 6a:
Commercial Feed Classification:
– Complete feeds, supplements, concentrates, premixes.
Question 6b:
– Completeness: Feed miller
– Quality of Ingredients: Both (miller sources, customer verifies)
– Finished Feed Quality: Feed miller
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Question 7a:
Diet Features:
– Creep: High CP, easily digestible for neonates.
– Breeder: Balanced for reproduction.
Question 7b:
Deficient Amino Acids:
– Soyabean Meal: Methionine
– Maize: Lysine, tryptophan