ANWSER
Question 1: Fill in the gaps with the following registered words:
Livestock species act like a refinery that transforms into high-quality products like meat, milk, and egg. The efficiency with which it refines the depends on the livestock species and the manner in which the means are not used. For example, ruminant animals have a symbiotic relationship with microbes in the gut. Hence, microbial actions on the feed prior to formal digestion and absorption allow the animals to utilize a large variety of feedstuff either singly or in combination with another nutrient. Essential amino acids and vitamins are easily synthesized because of this relationship between the animal and the microflora population anytime in the gut. Monogastric animals on the other hand have reduced capacity to utilize certain starch. These differences classify animals into different categories based on their physiological needs and nutrient requirements. Creeps are fed to young animals. Their digestive system is such that lactase and chymosin predominate because milk is the main diet. This is a pointer that highly digestible protein of methionine must be considered in the formulation of a diet. So close to creep are weaners, but their protein varies a bit less to creep. Other feeds for mammalian species are: growers for growing animals; fatteners for animals that are being prepared for market; breeders are fed to animals that are physiologically mature for reproductive purposes. Combinations of the right proportion of amino acids is a necessity while considering the type of feed for mammalian species. It is not possible to feed forages, which could be presented in the form of pasture, hay, silage, haylage, and pellets to creep. A combination of grains such as 23% protein supplements, which can both be poultry and fish source, could form a right combination mix in creep feed.
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Question 2: Indicate True or False:
i. The broiler prestarter feed is not similar to creep feed. True
ii. Only male pigeons produce milk-like substances that are used to feed squabs. False
iii. Monogastric animal feeds are complex and more expensive than ruminant animal feeds; ruminant animals do not synthesize their amino acids and vitamins. False
iv. The main purpose of acid production during ensiling is to increase pH in the ensiled material. False
v. Cruprocess is greenish-brown in color but maintains the same quality as silage and haylage. True
vi. Palm kernel cake is only deficient in histidine. False
vii. Feed additives are a necessity in feed for livestock. True
viii. Enzymes are not examples of feed additives. False
ix. “Dead Time” is the time between emptying and reloading when the mixer is idle. True
x. Blood meal is deficient in Isoleucine. True
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Question 3: Prepare 1000kg of 25% Crude Protein Pre-starters Diet:
Solution:
1. Protein Mixture Calculation:
– Soybean Meal (42% CP): \( \frac{3}{4} \times 42\% = 31.5\% \)
– Fish Meal (72% CP): \( \frac{1}{4} \times 72\% = 18\% \)
– Total Protein Mixture: \( 31.5\% + 18\% = 49.5\% \)
2. Pearson’s Square Method:
– Desired CP: 25%
– Maize (8.9% CP) and Protein Mixture (49.5% CP)
– Calculation:
– \( \frac{25 – 8.9}{49.5 – 8.9} = \frac{16.1}{40.6} \approx 39.66\% \) (Protein Mixture)
– \( 100\% – 39.66\% = 60.34\% \) (Maize)
3. Quantities for 1000kg:
– Maize: \( 60.34\% \times 1000kg = 603.4kg \)
– Protein Mixture: \( 39.66\% \times 1000kg = 396.6kg \)
– Soybean Meal: \( \frac{3}{4} \times 396.6kg = 297.45kg \)
– Fish Meal: \( \frac{1}{4} \times 396.6kg = 99.15kg \)
4. Verification:
– CP from Maize: \( 603.4kg \times 8.9\% = 53.7kg \)
– CP from Protein Mixture: \( 396.6kg \times 49.5\% = 196.3kg \)
– Total CP: \( 53.7 + 196.3 = 250kg \) (25% of 1000kg)
Final Answer:
– Maize: 603.4 kg
– Soybean Meal: 297.45 kg
– Fish Meal: 99.15 kg
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Question 4: Broiler Starter Diet Analysis:
a) Abnormalities in the Formula:
1. Excessive Sand Inclusion (1.05%) – Sand is non-nutritive and should be minimal or absent.
2. High Blood Meal (9%) – May lead to amino acid imbalance (deficient in Isoleucine).
b) Deficient Nutrients:
1. Lysine – Limited sources in the formula.
2. Methionine – Only 0.1% DL-Methionine is included, which may be insufficient.
c) Major Sources of Lysine:
1. Fish Meal (FM)
2. Groundnut Cake (GNC)
d) Function of Sand:
– Acts as a filler or grinding aid but has no nutritional value.
e) Quantities for 700kg:
– Multiply each ingredient by 7:
– Maize: \( 50\% \times 700 = 350kg \)
– Wheat Offal: \( 10\% \times 700 = 70kg \)
– PKC: \( 5\% \times 700 = 35kg \)
– GNC: \( 20\% \times 700 = 140kg \)
– Blood Meal: \( 9\% \times 700 = 63kg \)
– Fish Meal: \( 2\% \times 700 = 14kg \)
– Bone Meal: \( 1.92\% \times 700 = 13.44kg \)
– Oyster Shell: \( 0.68\% \times 700 = 4.76kg \)
– DL-Methionine: \( 0.1\% \times 700 = 0.7kg \)
– Premix: \( 0.25\% \times 700 = 1.75kg \)
– Sand: \( 1.05\% \times 700 = 7.35kg \)
f) Price per Bag (50kg):
– Calculate cost per kg for each ingredient, sum, and multiply by 50:
– Total cost/kg: \( (50 \times 5.80) + (10 \times 1.18) + \ldots = N \) [Complete calculation based on given prices].
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