ANWSER
Question 8: Define the following terminologies with relevant examples:
Answer:
i. Prognosis: The predicted outcome or course of a disease. *Example: A good prognosis for a treated bacterial infection implies full recovery is likely.*
ii. Aetiology: The study of the cause or origin of a disease. *Example: The aetiology of tuberculosis is infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis.*
iii. Pathogenesis: The mechanism by which a disease develops. *Example: In diabetes, pathogenesis involves insulin resistance or deficient insulin production.*
iv. Clinical signs: Observable indicators of disease in a patient. *Example: Fever and coughing are clinical signs of pneumonia.*
v. Biosecurity: Measures to prevent the spread of pathogens. *Example: Disinfecting footwear before entering a poultry farm.*
vi. Zoonoses: Diseases transmitted from animals to humans. *Example: Rabies is a zoonotic disease spread via animal bites.*
vii. Disease: A disorder of structure/function in an organism. *Example: Mastitis in dairy cows.*
viii. Ante-mortem: Occurring or observed before death. *Example: Ante-mortem inspection of livestock for signs of illness.*
ix. Lesion: Abnormal tissue change due to disease. *Example: An ulcer on the skin.*
x. Post mortem rate: The frequency of deaths in a population over time. *Example: High post mortem rate in a herd due to an outbreak.*
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Question 9: Write short notes on the followings:
Answer:
i. Newcastle disease: A highly contagious viral disease in birds, causing respiratory distress, nervous signs, and high mortality. *Control includes vaccination and biosecurity.*
ii. Signs of health on the farm: Active animals, normal feed intake, shiny coats, regular feces, and no abnormal vocalizations. *Example: Poultry with bright eyes and erect combs.*
iii. Trypanosomiasis: A parasitic disease (Trypanosoma spp.) transmitted by tsetse flies, causing fever, anemia, and weight loss in livestock. *Treatment involves trypanocidal drugs.*
iv. Contagious bovine pleuropneumonia (CBPP): A bacterial (Mycoplasma mycoides) lung disease in cattle, marked by coughing and pleural effusion. *Controlled by quarantine and vaccination.*
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Question 5a: What is differential white blood cell count? State the reasons for a differential white blood cell count.
Answer:
A differential WBC count measures the percentage of each leukocyte type (neutrophils, lymphocytes, etc.) in blood.
Reasons:
– Diagnose infections (e.g., bacterial vs. viral).
– Detect allergies or parasitic infestations (eosinophils ↑).
– Monitor chemotherapy effects.
– Identify leukemia (abnormal cell ratios).
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Question 5b: List and explain the parameters tested in a haematological examination.
Answer:
1. Hemoglobin (Hb): Oxygen-carrying protein in RBCs.
2. Packed Cell Volume (PCV): Proportion of RBCs in blood.
3. Total WBC count: Measures immune cell levels.
4. Platelet count: Assesses clotting ability.
5. RBC indices (MCV, MCH, MCHC): Evaluate RBC size and hemoglobin content.
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Question 6a: What are red cell indices?
Answer:
Red cell indices are calculations (MCV, MCH, MCHC) describing RBC size and hemoglobin concentration to diagnose anemia types.
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Question 6b: List the red cell indices and state how they are estimated.
Answer:
– MCV (Mean Corpuscular Volume): (PCV ÷ RBC count) × 10. Measures average RBC size.
– MCH (Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin): (Hb ÷ RBC count) × 10. Average Hb per RBC.
– MCHC (Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin Concentration): (Hb ÷ PCV) × 100. Hb concentration in RBCs.
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Question 6c: What is leucocyte?
Answer:
Leucocytes (white blood cells) are immune cells defending against infections, including granulocytes (neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils) and agranulocytes (lymphocytes, monocytes).
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Question 6d: Tabulate partitioning of leucocytes into granulocytes and agranulocytes.
Answer:
| Granulocytes | Agranulocytes |
|————————|——————–|
| Neutrophils | Lymphocytes |
| Eosinophils | Monocytes |
| Basophils | |
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Question 7a: List five liver function tests.
Answer:
1. Alanine aminotransferase (ALT).
2. Aspartate aminotransferase (AST).
3. Alkaline phosphatase (ALP).
4. Bilirubin (total/direct).
5. Albumin.
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Question 7b: Discuss three liver function tests.
Answer:
1. ALT: Elevated levels indicate hepatocyte damage (e.g., hepatitis). Liver-specific.
2. Bilirubin: High total bilirubin suggests jaundice; direct bilirubin points to biliary obstruction.
3. Albumin: Low levels reflect chronic liver disease (reduced synthetic function).
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