ANWSER
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Question 1:
(a) Purposes of child observation/assessment:
1. To monitor developmental progress.
2. To identify any delays or abnormalities in development.
3. To plan appropriate educational or care interventions.
4. To understand individual needs and preferences of the child.
5. To evaluate the effectiveness of teaching or caregiving strategies.
(b) Tabular description of observed child:
| Category | Characteristics |
|—————————-|———————————————|
| (i) Gross motor skills | E.g., Running, jumping, climbing. |
| (i) Fine motor skills | E.g., Holding a pencil, stacking blocks. |
| (ii) Social tasks | E.g., Sharing toys, interacting with peers. |
| (iii) Age and gender | E.g., 3 years, Female. |
| (iv) Name of center | E.g., “Bright Beginnings Daycare.” |
(v) BMI Calculation:
– Formula: BMI = Weight (kg) / (Height (m))²
– Given: Weight = 12.0 kg, Height = 33 inches (0.8382 meters)
– Calculation: BMI = 12.0 / (0.8382)² ≈ 17.1
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Question 2:
(a) Risk factors for infertility:
– Male: Low sperm count, smoking, infections, hormonal imbalances, exposure to toxins.
– Female: Ovulation disorders, blocked fallopian tubes, endometriosis, age, poor nutrition.
(b) Prevention of infertility:
1. Maintain a healthy weight.
2. Avoid smoking and excessive alcohol.
3. Practice safe sex to prevent infections.
4. Manage stress levels.
5. Regular medical check-ups.
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Question 3:
(a) Alleviating pregnancy problems:
– Heartburn: Eat small meals, avoid spicy foods.
– Nausea/Vomiting: Eat ginger, stay hydrated.
– Excessive salivation: Chew gum, sip water.
– Dizziness: Avoid sudden movements, rest.
(b) Advantages of care:
– Pre-natal: Ensures fetal health, reduces complications, educates mothers.
– Post-natal: Supports recovery, monitors baby’s health, promotes breastfeeding.
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Question 4:
(a) Physical & cognitive development:
– Physical: Growth in height/weight, motor skills (crawling to walking).
– Cognitive: Language acquisition, problem-solving (e.g., object permanence).
(b) Piaget’s stages:
1. Sensorimotor (0-2 yrs): Learns through senses.
2. Preoperational (2-7 yrs): Symbolic thinking, egocentrism.
3. Concrete operational (7-11 yrs): Logical thought.
4. Formal operational (12+ yrs): Abstract reasoning.
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Question 5:
(a) Periods of development:
– Early childhood (2-6 yrs): Rapid language/motor growth.
– Adolescence (12-18 yrs): Puberty, identity formation.
– Late adulthood (65+ yrs): Physical decline, wisdom.
(b) Short notes:
– Menstruation: Monthly uterine lining shedding.
– Placenta: Organ nourishing the fetus.
– Gestation: Pregnancy duration (~40 weeks).
– Fertilization: Sperm-egg union forming a zygote.
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Question 6:
(a) Types of toys:
1. Building blocks (enhance creativity).
2. Puzzles (improve problem-solving).
3. Dolls (encourage social play).
4. Art supplies (boost fine motor skills).
5. Balls (develop gross motor skills).
(b) Importance of play:
1. Enhances learning.
2. Promotes social skills.
3. Supports physical development.
4. Encourages emotional expression.
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Question 7:
(a) Erikson’s stages (1-12 yrs):
– 1-3 yrs: Autonomy vs. Shame (independence).
– 3-6 yrs: Initiative vs. Guilt (exploration).
– 6-12 yrs: Industry vs. Inferiority (skill mastery).
(b) Development factors:
1. Genetics.
2. Environment (home/school).
3. Nutrition.
4. Parenting style.
5. Socioeconomic status.
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